P in 28-pin narrow dual in-line package (-28N). It is commonly found on older boards.AVR is a family of developed since 1996 by, acquired by in 2016.

1. Arduino Ide Programming Tutorial Pdf
2. Arduino Programming Tutorial

These are single-chip microcontrollers. AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip for program storage, as opposed to, or used by other microcontrollers at the time.AVR microcontrollers find many applications as.

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They are especially common in hobbyist and educational embedded applications, popularized by their inclusion in many of the line of development boards. Contents.Brief history The AVR architecture was conceived by two students at the (NTH), Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan.The original AVR MCU was developed at a local house in, called Nordic VLSI at the time, now, where Bogen and Wollan were working as students. It was known as a μRISC (Micro RISC) and was available as silicon IP/building block from Nordic VLSI. When the technology was sold to Atmel from Nordic, the internal architecture was further developed by Bogen and Wollan at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary of Atmel.

The designers worked closely with compiler writers at to ensure that the AVR instruction set provided efficient of.Atmel says that the name AVR is not an acronym and does not stand for anything in particular. The creators of the AVR give no definitive answer as to what the term 'AVR' stands for. However, it is commonly accepted that AVR stands for Alf and Vegard's RISC processor. Note that the use of 'AVR' in this article generally refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR Microcontrollers.Among the first of the AVR line was the AT90S8515, which in a 40-pin DIP package has the same pinout as an microcontroller, including the external multiplexed address and data bus. The polarity of the RESET line was opposite (8051's having an active-high RESET, while the AVR has an active-low RESET), but other than that the pinout was identical.The AVR 8-bit microcontroller architecture was introduced in 1997.

By 2003, Atmel had shipped 500 million AVR flash microcontrollers. The platform, developed for simple electronics projects, was released in 2005 and featured ATmega8 AVR microcontrollers.Device overview The AVR is a machine, where program and data are stored in separate physical memory systems that appear in different address spaces, but having the ability to read data items from program memory using special instructions.Basic families AVRs are generally classified into following:. tinyAVR – the ATtiny series. Main article: In 2006, Atmel released microcontrollers based on the 32-bit architecture. This was a completely different architecture unrelated to the 8-bit AVR, intended to compete with the -based processors.

It had a 32-bit data path, and instructions, along with other audio- and video-processing features. The instruction set was similar to other RISC cores, but it was not compatible with the original AVR (nor any of the various ARM cores). Since then support for AVR32 has been dropped from Linux as of kernel 4.12; Atmel has switched mostly to M variants of the ARM architecture.

Device architecture , and are all integrated onto a single chip, removing the need for external memory in most applications. Some devices have a parallel external bus option to allow adding additional data memory or memory-mapped devices. Almost all devices (except the smallest TinyAVR chips) have serial interfaces, which can be used to connect larger serial EEPROMs or flash chips.Program memory Program instructions are stored in. Although the are 8-bit, each instruction takes one or two 16-bit words.The size of the program memory is usually indicated in the naming of the device itself (e.g., the ATmega64x line has 64 KB of flash, while the ATmega32x line has 32 KB).There is no provision for off-chip program memory; all code executed by the AVR core must reside in the on-chip flash.

However, this limitation does not apply to the AT94 FPSLIC AVR/FPGA chips.Internal data memory The data consists of the, I/O registers,. Some small models also map the program ROM into the data address space, but larger models do not.Internal registers. Atmel ATxmega128A1 in 100-pin packageThe AVRs have 32 and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices.In the tinyAVR and megaAVR variants of the AVR architecture, the working registers are mapped in as the first 32 memory addresses (0000 16–001F 16), followed by 64 I/O registers (0020 16–005F 16). Main article:The is more than those of most eight-bit microcontrollers, in particular the and with which AVR competes today. However, it is not completely regular:. X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other.

locations R0 to R15 have more limited addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31. I/O ports 0 to 31 can be bit addressed, unlike I/O ports 32 to 63. CLR (clear all bits to zero) affects flags, while SER (set all bits to one) does not, even though they are complementary instructions. (CLR is pseudo-op for EOR R, R; while SER is short for LDI R,$FF. Arithmetic operations such as EOR modify flags, while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.). Accessing read-only data stored in the program memory (flash) requires special LPM instructions; the flash bus is otherwise reserved for instruction memory.Additionally, some chip-specific differences affect code generation. Code pointers (including return addresses on the stack) are two bytes long on chips with up to 128 KB of flash memory, but three bytes long on larger chips; not all chips have hardware multipliers; chips with over 8 KB of flash have branch and call instructions with longer ranges; and so forth.The mostly regular instruction set makes programming it using C (or even Ada) compilers fairly straightforward.

Has included AVR support for quite some time, and that support is widely used. In fact, Atmel solicited input from major developers of compilers for small microcontrollers, to determine the instruction set features that were most useful in a compiler for high-level languages.

MCU speed The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0 to 20 MHz, with some devices reaching 32 MHz. Lower-powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All recent (Tiny, Mega, and Xmega, but not 90S) AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Some AVRs also have a system clock prescaler that can divide down the system clock by up to 1024. This prescaler can be reconfigured by software during run-time, allowing the clock speed to be optimized.Since all operations (excluding multiplication and 16-bit add/subtract) on registers R0–R31 are single-cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1 per MHz, i.e. An 8 MHz processor can achieve up to 8 MIPS.

Loads and stores to/from memory take two cycles, branching takes two cycles. Branches in the latest '3-byte PC' parts such as ATmega2560 are one cycle slower than on previous devices.Development AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are sold under various names that share the same basic core, but with different peripheral and memory combinations. 6- and 10-pin ISP header diagramsThe (ISP) programming method is functionally performed through, plus some twiddling of the Reset line.

As long as the SPI pins of the AVR are not connected to anything disruptive, the AVR chip can stay soldered on a while reprogramming. All that is needed is a 6-pin connector and programming adapter. This is the most common way to develop with an AVR.The Atmel AVRISP mkII device connects to a computer's USB port and performs in-system programming using Atmel's software.AVRDUDE (AVR Downloader/UploaDEr) runs on, and, and supports a variety of in-system programming hardware, including Atmel AVRISP mkII, Atmel JTAG ICE, older Atmel serial-port based programmers, and various third-party and 'do-it-yourself' programmers.

PDI The Program and Debug Interface (PDI) is an Atmel proprietary interface for external programming and on-chip debugging of XMEGA devices. The PDI supports high-speed programming of all non-volatile memory (NVM) spaces; flash, EEPROM, fuses, lock-bits and the User Signature Row. This is done by accessing the XMEGA NVM controller through the PDI interface, and executing NVM controller commands. The PDI is a 2-pin interface using the Reset pin for clock input (PDICLK) and a dedicated data pin (PDIDATA) for input and output.

UPDI The Unified Program and Debug Interface (UPDI) is a one-wire interface for external programming and on-chip debugging of newer ATtiny and ATmega devices.High-voltage serial High-voltage serial programming (HVSP) is mostly the backup mode on smaller AVRs. An 8-pin AVR package does not leave many unique signal combinations to place the AVR into a programming mode. A 12-volt signal, however, is something the AVR should only see during programming and never during normal operation. The high voltage mode can also be used in some devices where the reset pin has been disabled by fuses.High-voltage parallel High-voltage parallel programming (HVPP) is considered the 'final resort' and may be the only way to correct bad fuse settings on an AVR chip.Bootloader Most AVR models can reserve a region, 256 bytes to 4 KB, where re-programming code can reside.

At reset, the bootloader runs first and does some user-programmed determination whether to re-program or to jump to the main application. The code can re-program through any interface available, or it could read an encrypted binary through an Ethernet adapter like. Atmel has application notes and code pertaining to many bus interfaces.

ROM The AT90SC series of AVRs are available with a factory mask-ROM rather than flash for program memory. Because of the large up-front cost and minimum order quantity, a mask-ROM is only cost-effective for high-production runs.aWire aWire is a new one-wire debug interface available on the new UC3L AVR32 devices.Debugging interfaces The AVR offers several options for debugging, mostly involving on-chip debugging while the chip is in the target system.debugWIRE is Atmel's solution for providing on-chip debug capabilities via a single microcontroller pin. It is particularly useful for lower pin count parts which cannot provide the four 'spare' pins needed for JTAG. The JTAGICE mkII, mkIII and the AVR Dragon support debugWIRE.

DebugWIRE was developed after the original JTAGICE release, and now clones support it.JTAG The Joint Test Action Group feature provides access to on-chip debugging functionality while the chip is running in the target system. JTAG allows accessing internal memory and registers, setting breakpoints on code, and single-stepping execution to observe system behaviour.Atmel provides a series of JTAG adapters for the AVR:. The Atmel-ICE is the latest adapter. It supports JTAG, debugWire, aWire, SPI, TPI, and PDI interfaces. The JTAGICE 3 is a midrange debugger in the JTAGICE family (JTAGICE mkIII). It supports JTAG, aWire, SPI, and PDI interfaces. The JTAGICE mkII replaces the JTAGICE and is similarly priced.

The JTAGICE mkII interfaces to the PC via USB, and supports both JTAG and the newer debugWIRE interface. Numerous third-party clones of the Atmel JTAGICE mkII device started shipping after Atmel released the communication protocol. The AVR Dragon is a low-cost (approximately $50) substitute for the JTAGICE mkII for certain target parts. The AVR Dragon provides in-system serial programming, high-voltage serial programming and parallel programming, as well as JTAG or debugWIRE emulation for parts with 32 KB of program memory or less.

ATMEL changed the debugging feature of AVR Dragon with the latest firmware of AVR Studio 4 - AVR Studio 5 and now it supports devices over 32 KB of program memory. The JTAGICE adapter interfaces to the PC via a standard serial port. Although the JTAGICE adapter has been declared ' by Atmel, it is still supported in AVR Studio and other tools.JTAG can also be used to perform a test, which tests the electrical connections between AVRs and other boundary scan capable chips in a system.

Boundary scan is well-suited for a production line, while the hobbyist is probably better off testing with a multimeter or oscilloscope.Development tools and evaluation kits. Atmel STK500 development boardOfficial Atmel AVR development tools and evaluation kits contain a number of starter kits and debugging tools with support for most AVR devices:STK600 starter kit The STK600 starter kit and development system is an update to the STK500. The STK600 uses a base board, a signal routing board, and a target board.The base board is similar to the STK500, in that it provides a power supply, clock, in-system programming, an RS-232 port and a CAN (Controller Area Network, an automotive standard) port via DE9 connectors, and stake pins for all of the GPIO signals from the target device.The target boards have sockets for, or packages, depending on the board.The signal routing board sits between the base board and the target board, and routes the signals to the proper pin on the device board. There are many different signal routing boards that could be used with a single target board, depending on what device is in the ZIF socket.The STK600 allows in-system programming from the PC via USB, leaving the RS-232 port available for the target microcontroller. A 4 pin on the STK600 labeled 'RS-232 spare' can connect any TTL level USART port on the chip to an onboard MAX232 chip to translate the signals to RS-232 levels. The RS-232 signals are connected to the RX, TX, CTS, and RTS pins on the DB-9 connector.STK500 starter kit The STK500 starter kit and development system features ISP and high voltage programming (HVP) for all AVR devices, either directly or through extension boards. AVRISP mkIIThe AVRISP and AVRISP mkII are inexpensive tools allowing all AVRs to be programmed via.The AVRISP connects to a PC via a serial port and draws power from the target system.

The AVRISP allows using either of the 'standard' ICSP pinouts, either the 10-pin or 6-pin connector.The AVRISP mkII connects to a PC via USB and draws power from USB. Visible through the translucent case indicate the state of target power.As the AVRISP mkII lacks driver/buffer ICs, it can have trouble programming target boards with multiple loads on its SPI lines. In such occurrences, a programmer capable of sourcing greater current is required. Alternatively, the AVRISP mkII can still be used if low-value (150 ohm) load-limiting resistors can be placed on the SPI lines before each peripheral device.Both the AVRISP and the AVRISP mkII are now discontinued, with product pages removed from the Microchip website. As of July 2019 the AVRISP mkII is still in stock at a number of distributors.

There are also a number of 3rd party clones available.AVR Dragon. AVR Dragon with and attached, blue/greenishThe Atmel Dragon is an inexpensive tool which connects to a PC via USB. The Dragon can program all AVRs via JTAG, HVP, PDI, or ICSP. The Dragon also allows debugging of all AVRs via JTAG, PDI, or debugWire; a previous limitation to devices with 32 KB or less program memory has been removed in AVR Studio 4.18.

The Dragon has a small prototype area which can accommodate an 8, 28, or 40-pin AVR, including connections to power and programming pins. There is no area for any additional circuitry, although this can be provided by a third-party product called the 'Dragon Rider'. JTAGICE mkI The In Circuit Emulator (JTAGICE) debugging tool supports on-chip debugging (OCD) of AVRs with a JTAG interface. The original JTAGICE mkI uses an RS-232 interface to a PC and can only program AVR's with a JTAG interface. The JTAGICE mkI is no longer in production, however it has been replaced by the JTAGICE mkII.JTAGICE mkII The JTAGICE mkII debugging tool supports on-chip debugging (OCD) of AVRs with SPI, JTAG, PDI, and debugWIRE interfaces. The debugWire interface enables debugging using only one pin (the Reset pin), allowing debugging of applications running on low pin-count microcontrollers.The JTAGICE mkII connects using USB, but there is an alternate connection via a serial port, which requires using a separate power supply. In addition to JTAG, the mkII supports ISP programming (using 6-pin or 10-pin adapters).

Both the USB and serial links use a variant of the STK500 protocol.JTAGICE3 The JTAGICE3 updates the mkII with more advanced debugging capabilities and faster programming. It connects via USB and supports the JTAG, aWire, SPI, and PDI interfaces. The kit includes several adapters for use with most interface pinouts.AVR ONE! The AVR ONE!

Is a professional development tool for all Atmel 8-bit and 32-bit AVR devices with On-Chip Debug capability. It supports SPI, JTAG, PDI, and aWire programming modes and debugging using debugWIRE, JTAG, PDI, and aWire interfaces. Butterfly demonstration board. Main article:The very popular AVR Butterfly demonstration board is a self-contained, battery-powered computer running the Atmel AVR ATmega169V microcontroller. It was built to show off the AVR family, especially a then new built-in LCD interface. The board includes the LCD screen, joystick, speaker, serial port, real time clock (RTC), flash memory chip, and both temperature and voltage sensors. Earlier versions of the AVR Butterfly also contained a CdS; it is not present on Butterfly boards produced after June 2006 to allow compliance.

The small board has a shirt pin on its back so it can be worn as a name badge.The AVR Butterfly comes preloaded with software to demonstrate the capabilities of the microcontroller. Factory firmware can scroll your name, display the sensor readings, and show the time. The AVR Butterfly also has a piezoelectric transducer that can be used to reproduce sounds and music.The AVR Butterfly demonstrates LCD driving by running a 14-segment, six alpha-numeric character display. However, the LCD interface consumes many of the I/O pins.The Butterfly's ATmega169 CPU is capable of speeds up to 8 MHz, but it is factory set by software to 2 MHz to preserve the button battery life. A pre-installed bootloader program allows the board to be re-programmed via a standard RS-232 serial plug with new programs that users can write with the free Atmel IDE tools.AT90USBKey This small board, about half the size of a business card, is priced at slightly more than an AVR Butterfly. It includes an AT90USB1287 with (OTG) support, 16 MB of, LEDs, a small joystick, and a temperature sensor. The board includes software, which lets it act as a (its documentation is shipped on the DataFlash), a USB joystick, and more.

To support the USB host capability, it must be operated from a battery, but when running as a USB peripheral, it only needs the power provided over USB.Only the JTAG port uses conventional 2.54 mm pinout. All the other AVR I/O ports require more compact 1.27 mm headers.The AVR Dragon can both program and debug since the 32 KB limitation was removed in AVR Studio 4.18, and the JTAGICE mkII is capable of both programming and debugging the processor. The processor can also be programmed through USB from a Windows or Linux host, using the USB 'Device Firmware Update' protocols. Atmel ships proprietary (source code included but distribution restricted) example programs and a USB protocol stack with the device.is a third-party USB protocol stack for the USBKey and other 8-bit USB AVRs.Raven wireless kit The RAVEN kit supports wireless development using Atmel's chipsets, for and other wireless stacks. It resembles a pair of wireless more-powerful Butterfly cards, plus a wireless USBKey; and costing about that much (under $US100). All these boards support JTAG-based development.The kit includes two AVR Raven boards, each with a 2.4 GHz transceiver supporting IEEE 802.15.4 (and a freely licensed ZigBee stack).

The radios are driven with ATmega1284p processors, which are supported by a custom segmented LCD display driven by an ATmega3290p processor. Raven peripherals resemble the Butterfly: piezo speaker, DataFlash (bigger), external EEPROM, sensors, 32 kHz crystal for, and so on. These are intended for use in developing remote sensor nodes, to control relays, or whatever is needed.The USB stick uses an AT90USB1287 for connections to a USB host and to the 2.4 GHz wireless links.

These are intended to monitor and control the remote nodes, relying on host power rather than local batteries.Third-party programmers A wide variety of third-party programming and debugging tools are available for the AVR. These devices use various interfaces, including RS-232, PC parallel port, and USB. Since 1996, NTH has become part of the (NTNU). blog. ^. Youtube.com. ^ Myklebust, Gaute.

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Voronezh: OAO 'NIIET'.